Weaving a Rich Tapestry
The history of wool weaving in Coast Salish territories is a testament to the resilience of indigenous cultures in the face of colonization and cultural disruption. It is a story of adaptation, preservation, and renewal. Through the centuries, Coast Salish weavers have transformed their craft while staying true to their cultural roots. Today, their beautiful woolen textiles stand as a living testament to the enduring spirit of the Coast Salish people and their commitment to preserving their cultural heritage for generations to come.
Wool weaving is deeply intertwined with the fabric of Coast Salish society, dating back to time immemorial. Before the arrival of European settlers, the Coast Salish people primarily used locally sourced materials to weave with. There were few animals on Vancouver Island whose fur was suitable for spinning. Mountain goat wool, sourced from the mainland and traded was highly prized.
Wool also came from a breed of small dog, now extinct. Other fibres used for weaving included cedar and nettle, and materials like bird down and feathers, lichen and even bear or raccoon hair could be added to the threads or weaving to add warmth, softness, or decoration.
The art of weaving was integral to Coast Salish life. It provided all kind of items from the practical – mats suspended to separate living areas in the longhouse, or to hand on the walls to keep drafts out, or nets and rope for fishing and trapping – to the special and ceremonial – nobility blankets and regalia.
Musqueam Weaver, Selisya Charlie (1915).
Weaving was traditionally the domain of Coast Salish women, who passed down their skills and knowledge through generations. The process of weaving a blanket is sacred work – each weaver imparting their good intentions into the weft and warp to protect the wearer during naming ceremonies, puberty rites, funerals and memorials. In fact, weavers would tell you that these blankets already exist in the spirit world and that they have the task of bringing them into being in this world, guided by the teachings of their ancestors.
The arrival of European settlers brought significant changes to Coast Salish weaving practices. European colonists introduced, providing a new source of wool. Coast Salish weavers quickly adapted to this change in materials, incorporating sheep's wool into their traditional weaving techniques. However, colonization and the resulting decimation of Indigenous culture resulted in a loss of not only the traditional techniques of wool spinning and weaving, but more importantly, many of the vital teachings around weaving. The art was very nearly lost to history.
Snuneymuxw Women’s Weaving Group
Thankfully, in the late 20th century, there was a resurgence of interest in weaving in Coast Salish communities, led by individuals who began to share their knowledge across Nations both in Canada and the United States. This revival saw a renewed commitment to preserving and revitalizing traditional weaving techniques, as well as expanding the art form into new creative directions.
Today, Coast Salish wool weaving continues to thrive. It is not only a vital cultural practice but also a means of economic empowerment and cultural preservation. Coast Salish weavers participate in art exhibitions, craft fairs, and educational programs, sharing their artistry and cultural heritage with the world.